Can predictive processing explain self-deception?

The prediction error minimization framework (PEM) denotes a family of views that aim at providing unified theory perception, cognition, and action. In this paper, I discuss some the theoretical limitations PEM. It appears PEM cannot provide satisfactory explanation motivated reasoning, as instantiated in phenomena such self-deception, because its cognitive ontology does not have separate category for motivational states desires. However, it might be thought objection confuses levels explanation. Self-deception is personal level phenomenon, while offers subpersonal explanations psychological abilities. Thus, paper examines how couched can related to underlying self-deception. regard, three on relation between are investigated: autonomist, functionalist, co-evolutionary perspective. argue that, depending which view adopted, paradigm faces dilemma: either explanatory ambitions should reduced domain, or account reasoning